建筑專業外文翻譯--自動噴水滅火系統安裝標準

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1、NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems 1999 Edition Copyright ? 1999 NFPA, All Rights Reserved NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems 1999 Edition NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explana

2、tory material on the paragraph can be found in Appendix A. A dagger (?) following the number or letter designating a paragraph or section in the text indicates explanatory test data and procedures with regard to that paragraph or section can be found in Appendix C. A reference in parentheses () a

3、t the end of a section or paragraph indicates that the material has been extracted from another NFPA document. The bold number in parentheses indicates the document number and is followed by the section number where the extracted material can be found in that document. The complete title and current

4、 edition of an extracted document can be found in the chapter on referenced publications. Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 13 and Appendix E. Chapter 1 General Information 1-1 Scope. This standard provides the minimum requirements for the design and installation of

5、automatic fire sprinkler systems and exposure protection sprinkler systems, including the character and adequacy of water supplies and the selection of sprinklers, fittings, piping, valves, and all materials and accessories, including the installation of private fire service mains. This standard enc

6、ompasses “combined service mains” used to carry water for both fire service and other uses as well as mains for fire service use only. 1-2* Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to provide a reasonable degree of protection for life and property from fire through standardization of design, insta

7、llation, and testing requirements for sprinkler systems, including private fire service mains, based on sound engineering principles, test data, and field experience. This standard endeavors to continue the excellent records that have been established by sprinkler systems while meeting the needs of

8、changing technology. Nothing in this standard is intended to restrict new technologies or alternate arrangements, provided the level of safety prescribed by this standard is not lowered. Materials or devices not specifically designated by this standard shall be utilized in complete accord with all c

9、onditions, requirements, and limitations of their listings. 1-2.1 A sprinkler system and private fire service mains are specialized fire protection systems and require knowledgeable and experienced design and installation. 1-3 Retroactivity Clause. The provisions of this document are considered

10、 necessary to provide a reasonable level of protection from loss of life and property from fire. They reflect situations and the state of the art at the time the standard was issued.| Unless otherwise noted, it is not intended that the provisions of this document be applied to facilities, equipment,

11、 structures, or installations that were existing or approved for construction or installation prior to the effective date of this document. Exception: In those cases where it is determined by the authority having jurisdiction that the existing situation involves a distinct hazard to life or prope

12、rty, this standard shall apply. 1-4 Definitions. 1-4.1 NFPA Definitions. Approved.* Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Authority Having Jurisdiction.* The organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure. Listed.*

13、 Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation o

14、f services, and whose listing states that either the equipment, material, or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose. Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not r

15、equired. Standard. A document, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and which is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions shall be located i

16、n an appendix, footnote, or fine-print note and are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard. 1-4.2 General Definitions. Compartment. A space completely enclosed by walls and a ceiling. The compartment enclosure is permitted to have openings to an adjoining space if the openin

17、gs have a minimum lintel depth of 8 in. (203 mm) from the ceiling. Drop-Out Ceiling. A suspended ceiling system, which is installed below the sprinklers, with listed translucent or opaque panels that are heat sensitive and fall from their setting when exposed to heat. Dwelling Unit. One or more ro

18、oms arranged for the use of one or more individuals living together, as in a single housekeeping unit normally having cooking, living, sanitary, and sleeping facilities. For purposes of this standard, dwelling unit includes hotel rooms, dormitory rooms, apartments, condominiums, sleeping rooms in nu

19、rsing homes, and similar living units. Fire Control. Limiting the size of a fire by distribution of water so as to decrease the heat release rate and pre-wet adjacent combustibles, while controlling ceiling gas temperatures to avoid structural damage. Fire Suppression. Sharply reducing the heat re

20、lease rate of a fire and preventing its regrowth by means of direct and sufficient application of water through the fire plume to the burning fuel surface. High-Challenge Fire Hazard. A fire hazard typical of that produced by fires in combustible high-piled storage. High-Piled Storage. Solid-piled

21、, palletized, rack storage, bin box, and shelf storage in excess of 12 ft (3.7 m) in height. Hydraulically Designed System. A calculated sprinkler system in which pipe sizes are selected on a pressure loss basis to provide a prescribed water density, in gallons per minute per square foot (mm/min),

22、or a prescribed minimum discharge pressure or flow per sprinkler, distributed with a reasonable degree of uniformity over a specified area. Limited-Combustible Material. As applied to a building construction material, a material not complying with the definition of noncombustible material that, in

23、the form in which it is used, has a potential heat value not exceeding 3500 Btu per lb (8141 kJ/kg) and complies with one of the following, (a) or (b). Materials subject to increase in combustibility or flame spread rating beyond the limits herein established through the effects of age, moisture, or

24、 other atmospheric condition shall be considered combustible. (a) Materials having a structural base of noncombustible material, with a surfacing not exceeding a thickness of 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) that has a flame spread rating not greater than 50. (b) Materials, in the form and thickness used, other tha

25、n as described in (a), having neither a flame spread rating greater than 25 nor evidence of continued progressive combustion and of such composition that surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through the material on any plane would have neither a flame spread rating greater than 25 nor evidence

26、of continued progressive combustion. 中國最龐大的資料庫下載 Miscellaneous Storage.* Storage that does not exceed 12 ft (3.66 m) in height and is incidental to another occupancy use group. Such storage shall not constitute more than 10 percent of the building area or 4000 ft2 (372 m2) of the sprinklered

27、area, whichever is greater. Such storage shall not exceed 1000 ft2 (93 m2) in one pile or area, and each such pile or area shall be separated from other storage areas by at least 25 ft (7.62 m). Noncombustible Material. A material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions antic

28、ipated, will not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat. Materials that are reported as passing ASTM E 136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C, shall be considered noncombustible materials. Pipe Sc

29、hedule System. A sprinkler system in which the pipe sizing is selected from a schedule that is determined by the occupancy classification and in which a given number of sprinklers are allowed to be supplied from specific sizes of pipe. Shop-Welded. As used in this standard, shop in the term shop-we

30、lded means either (1) a sprinkler contractor’s or fabricator’s premise or (2) an area specifically designed or authorized for welding, such as a detached outside location, maintenance shop, or other area (either temporary or permanent) of noncombustible or fire-resistive construction free of combust

31、ible and flammable contents and suitably segregated from adjacent areas. Small Rooms. A room of light hazard occupancy classification having unobstructed construction and floor areas not exceeding 800 ft2 (74.3 m2) that are enclosed by walls and a ceiling. Openings to the adjoining space are permit

32、ted if the minimum lintel depth is 8 in. (203 mm) from the ceiling. Sprinkler System.* For fire protection purposes, an integrated system of underground and overhead piping designed in accordance with fire protection engineering standards. The installation includes one or more automatic water suppl

33、ies. The portion of the sprinkler system aboveground is a network of specially sized or hydraulically designed piping installed in a building, structure, or area, generally overhead, and to which sprinklers are attached in a systematic pattern. The valve controlling each system riser is located in t

34、he system riser or its supply piping. Each sprinkler system riser includes a device for actuating an alarm when the system is in operation. The system is usually activated by heat from a fire and discharges water over the fire area. System Working Pressure. The maximum anticipated static (nonflowin

35、g) or flowing pressure applied to sprinkler system components exclusive of surge pressures. Thermal Barrier. A material that will limit the average temperature rise of the unexposed surface to not more than 250°F (121°C) after 15 minutes of fire exposure, which complies with the standard time-tempe

36、rature curve of NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials. 1-4.3 Sprinkler System Type Definitions. Antifreeze Sprinkler System. A wet pipe sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers that are attached to a piping system that contains an antif

37、reeze solution and that are connected to a water supply. The antifreeze solution is discharged, followed by water, immediately upon operation of sprinklers opened by heat from a fire. Circulating Closed-Loop Sprinkler System. A wet pipe sprinkler system having non-fire protection connections to aut

38、omatic sprinkler systems in a closed-loop piping arrangement for the purpose of utilizing sprinkler piping to conduct water for heating or cooling, where water is not removed or used from the system but only circulated through the piping system. Combined Dry Pipe-Preaction Sprinkler System. A sprin

39、kler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing air under pressure with a supplemental detection system installed in the same areas as the sprinklers. Operation of the detection system actuates tripping devices that open dry pipe valves simultaneously and without lo

40、ss of air pressure in the system. Operation of the detection system also opens listed air exhaust valves at the end of the feed main, which usually precedes the opening of sprinklers. The detection system also serves as an automatic fire alarm system. Deluge Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system emp

41、loying open sprinklers that are attached to a piping system that is connected to a water supply through a valve that is opened by the operation of a detection system installed in the same areas as the sprinklers. When this valve opens, water flows into the piping system and discharges from all sprin

42、klers attached thereto. Dry Pipe Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers that are attached to a piping system containing air or nitrogen under pressure, the release of which (as from the opening of a sprinkler) permits the water pressure to open a valve known as a dry pi

43、pe valve, and the water then flows into the piping system and out the opened sprinklers. Gridded Sprinkler System.* A sprinkler system in which parallel cross mains are connected by multiple branch lines. An operating sprinkler will receive water from both ends of its branch line while other branch

44、 lines help transfer water between cross mains. Looped Sprinkler System.* A sprinkler system in which multiple cross mains are tied together so as to provide more than one path for water to flow to an operating sprinkler and branch lines are not tied together. Preaction Sprinkler System.* A sprink

45、ler system employing automatic sprinklers that are attached to a piping system that contains air that might or might not be under pressure, with a supplemental detection system installed in the same areas as the sprinklers. Wet Pipe Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinkler

46、s attached to a piping system containing water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from a fire. NFPA 13 National Fire Protection Association國家防火協會（美） 自動噴水滅火系統安裝標準 1999版本 版權 1999 NFPA, 所有權受保護

47、 NFPA 13 自動噴水滅火系統安裝標準 1999 版本 注：數字或字母后的星號(*)指明一個段落的說明性材料可在附錄A中查找。 一個段落或正文中的小節中的數字或字母后的箭頭(?)指出說明性試驗和關于圖表或小節的程序可在附錄C中查找。 小節或段落結尾處的圓括號()中的內容指明此材料是參考于另一NFPA文獻。 在圓括號中粗體數字指明文檔號碼以及之后在文獻中可被查到的段落號。參考文獻的完整的標題和當前的版本可在參考出版物的章節中被查找。 參考文獻中的資料可在第十三章和附錄E中查找。 第一章 說明 1-1 范圍. 本標準規定了設計的最小要求和自動噴水滅火系統的安裝及維護

48、，包括性質和適量給水以及噴水裝置的選型, 適合的裝置, 閥,管路和全部的材料和附件, 包括防火系統主要部分的安裝。 本標準包含“聯合干管” 既消防用水和生活用水聯用，也包含單獨的消防用水干管。 1-2* 目的. 本標準的目的是通過基于可靠的工程原理, 測試數據和經驗對自動噴水滅火系統的標準化設計、安裝和調試，包括消防干管將火災中人員傷亡和財產損失降低到合理最低程度。本標準盡力延續已被自動噴水體系確認的優秀記錄直到會議決定有技術替代的必要。本標準無意限制新技術,本標準提供的安全等級并未被降低。未被本標準特別指定的原材料和設計需完全符合設計清單的條件、要求和限制。 1-2.1 一套自動噴水

49、滅火系統和消防獨立干管需要是有知識淵博和有經驗的設計和安裝的專門的滅火系統。 1-3 追溯以往條款 此文件是考慮到從保護火災中的人員傷亡和財產損失而需提供的合理的標準。這份標準被發行是反映的是國家的現狀和技術。除非被另外聲明，本標準的條款無意被應用于本標準生效期前已存在的或被批準建設或安裝的設備、儀器或裝置。 例外：在那些被權威所肯定存在的情形或對生命和財產造成明顯威脅的情形的案例中，標準將被應用。 1-4 定義 1-4.1 NFPA定義 經核準。* 權威所有權限認可。 權威所有權限.* 團體, 部門, 或個人可依賴和滿意的裝備, 材料, 裝置或程序。 列表.* 設備,

50、 材料, 或維修包括由有關產品或維護的評估和權威所有權限認可的組織出版的列表，設備或原料列出的產品的定期維護檢查或定期的保養評估，接受適當指定標準的或者已被測試并被指定目的的適當的制造的設備、原料或維護都被列如列表。 Shall. 顯示一個強制的必要條件。 Should. 指出一個建議或者是被考慮過但未被采用的。 Standard. 一個檔案, 只包含強制性規定的使用“shall”指出其需要和另一個被法律所采用的標準提及的適當的一般的形式的規定。未被考慮的規定應被定位于附錄、腳注或印刷物的注釋中而不會被定義在一個標準的必要條件中。 1-4.2 一般定義。 隔斷。一個完整的空間被墻和天

51、花板分隔。如果從天花板到開口深度小于8英寸（203mm）間隔允許和相鄰房間有開口相通。 吊頂。安裝在自動噴水滅火系統下面的天花板系統, 由暴露于熱度中會從底座上掉落的熱敏感的透明的或不透明的面板組成。 民用建筑。一個或多個房間安排一個人住或多個人同住，作為一個住所通常應該有烹飪、生存、衛生和睡眠的設備。根據此標準規定，民用建筑包括旅館、宿舍、公寓、集體宿舍、避難所的臥室以及類似的建筑。. 火勢的控制。噴放水以限制火災的范圍以減少熱量的釋放速度和遠離之前臨近的易燃物，通過控制氣體溫度來避免建筑物的危險。 火的撲滅。通過直接的手段和足夠兩的水噴入火場的燃燒物迅速地減慢火場熱量的釋放速度和撲

52、滅火災。 明顯火災危險。 高層建筑易燃物火災引發的典型的火災危險。 高層固體堆積物儲藏室。不超過12英尺（3.7米）高度的固體堆積物、貨盤、儲藏箱和儲藏架。 水力系統。 一個合理的噴水系統，其中管徑在壓力損失的基礎上進行選擇以提供一個預先設定的水密度，用每分鐘每平方英尺（mm/min）的加侖量表示，或者一個預先設定的每個噴水裝置的最小釋放壓力或流量，它在一個特定的區域上以一定程度合理的均勻布置。 有限易燃的材料。用做建筑建設材料，一種不符和非燃燒物質的定義的有不超過3500英國熱量單位每１b（8141kj/kg）的潛熱值（以這種形態而被利用）并且符合以下（a）和（b）之一情況的材料。因

53、為老化，潮濕或其他大氣條件的影響而易于增加燃燒性或火焰擴張額度超過這里建立的限制的材料都要認做是可燃的。（a）有非燃燒物質結構基礎，鋪成平面不超過1/8英寸（3.2mm）的厚度并且火焰擴張等級不大于50的物質。（b）以應用的形式與厚度存在，除了（a）中描述的以外，既沒有大于25的火焰擴張等級又沒有持續的增面燃燒跡象的物質和一些其表面能通過在任何平面上切開材料而暴露的成分而其火焰擴張等級不大于25又沒有持續增面燃燒跡象的物質。 混合貯藏室。*高度不超過12英尺（3.66m）并且偶爾用于其他占有使用群體的貯藏室。這些貯藏室不應超過建筑面積的10%或者說是4000平方英尺（372m2）的噴水區域，

54、無論哪一個更大.在一個建筑或區域的這種貯藏室不應該超過1000平方英尺（93m2），并且每一個這樣的建筑與區域應該與其他的貯藏區域分開至少25英尺（7.62m）。 不燃燒材料。以它被利用的形式并且在預期的條件下，當遭受火災或受熱時不點火，燒焦，支持燃燒或者釋放可燃氣體的物質。報告已經通過美國材料實驗協會E136，垂直管熔爐750度條件材料性能標準測試方法的應被認為是不燃燒材料。 管道目錄系統。 管道膠料從一個目錄中選擇的噴水系統通過占有分級來確定，在其中，許多噴水裝置允許從具體大小的管道中供應。 工程焊接。 在本標準使用時，在術語shop-welded中的shop既有（１）一套自動噴水滅

55、火系統的承包人或者制造人的預述的意思又有（２）一個原先特定的區域或權威認可的定位焊接，就比如一個分離開外表面的位置、維修車間或者其他的從易燃物和可燃物的區域中隔離出來的不燃物或難燃物的區域（既有臨時的也有永久的）。 小的房間。 一個不超過800平方英尺（74.3m）有足夠照明且暢通無阻的建筑物和走廊被墻壁和天花板隔斷。如果從天花板到過梁的最小深度是8英寸（203mm）則允許鄰近的房間開口。 自動噴水噴頭* 為了防火的目的，一套完整的地面下或天花板上的管道系統應與防火工程標準相一致。它的安裝應包括一個或多個自動噴水設備。自動噴水系統在地面上的部分是一個特殊尺寸的網絡系統或安裝于大樓、建筑

56、物或地區中的原有的水力輸送管道，一般位于上方，系統圖中附有噴水裝置圖。每個系統的控制閥在系統的起點或它的上水干管處。每個噴頭都包括一個在其啟動的時候發出警報的設備。噴頭通常由火焰的熱量啟動并在著火區域噴水。 噴頭工作壓力。 最大的預設靜壓(不流動的) 或動壓應用于自動噴水滅火系統形成唯一的高壓。 熱屏蔽。一種在火災發生后15分鐘后限制為暴露表面的熱量平均上升以控制其溫度不高于250°F (121°C)，遵守標準中的NFPA251時間-溫度曲線，建筑物或材料的耐火實驗標準。 1-4.3 自動噴水滅火系統分類 濕式自動噴水滅火系統。 一套使用自動噴水的使用和供水干管相連的充滿水的濕式自

57、動噴水滅火系統。由火場的熱量啟動在其中的液態水瀉出后立即噴水。 閉式自動噴水滅火系統。濕的管自動灑水裝置所有非-火保護連接到自動機械自動灑水裝置在封閉的-環吹笛排列為了利用灑水車吹笛到行為水為了熱或冷卻, 什么地方水是不遠離的或使用從系統但是唯一的流通穿過吹笛系統。 干濕式自動噴水滅火系統 一套管道內充滿一定壓力下的氣體的在同一區域有維持壓力系統的包含自動噴水噴頭的閉式噴水管路系統。在探測器啟動后氣體平穩流動并保持管內一定壓力。在自動噴水裝置啟動前流盡管內氣體。探測系統也可作為自動火災報警系統。 淹沒式自動噴水滅火系統。一套附有給水系統的開式噴水系統通過一根供水干管連接供水管網并有安

58、裝于和噴頭同一位置的探測器啟動。當干管開放時所有噴頭一起噴水。 干式自動噴水滅火系統。一套包含自動噴水噴頭的且管路中充滿一定壓力下的空氣或氮氣，管路中的氣體釋放盡后（當噴頭動作時），水才能進入管網系統并充滿管道于噴頭瀉出。 枝狀自動噴水滅火系統* 一套管路為多重分支連接并平行交叉于干管的給水系統。噴水系統啟動時水可以從兩條供水分支供給，當另一條供水支管穿過干管中間。 網狀自動噴水滅火系統。* 一套從干管到啟動的噴頭處有多于一條供水支管并且供水支管不交叉相連的自動噴水滅火系統。 預作用式自動噴水滅火系統。* 一套管道中可能有壓力空氣或著沒有壓力空氣的附有供水系統的自動噴水滅火系統，在和噴頭相同位置安裝有補足的探測器。 濕式管路自動噴水滅火系統。一套包含自動噴水噴頭且和供水干管相連接的自動噴水滅火系統，當噴頭由于火場的熱量而動作時能立即噴水滅火。